run alongside this course. In this term, there will be no separate coursework assignments for the course
\Computing in C++".
- Foundational C
- C Vs. C++
- Operators
- Arrays and Strings
- Pointers
- Functions
- Structures, Unions, Enumerations, and typedef
- Console I/O
- File I/O
- The Preprocessor and Comments
- The C99 Standard
- The C Standard Library
- String and Character Functions
- Mathematical Functions
- Time, Date, and Localization Functions
- Utility Functions
- Wide-Character Functions
- Algorithms and Applications
- Sorting and Searching
- Queues, Stacks, Linked Lists, and Trees
- Sparse Arrays
- Expression Parsing and Evaluation
- AI-Based Problem Solving
- Software Development Using C
- A C Interpreter
- Compilers
- Variables
- Control Flow
- Operators
- Functions
- Pointers
- Structures
- Advanced material
In 1997, Apple, in search of a solid base for a new next-generation operating system, purchased
NeXT. The NeXTstep OS was then used as the basis for Mac OS X, which saw its first
commercial release in early 2001; while libraries for compatibility with the old Mac OS line of
systems were included, AppKit and Foundation (by then known by the marketing name Cocoa)
formed the core of the new programming environment on OS X. NeXT’s programming tools,
Project Builder and Interface Builder, were included for free with every copy of Mac OS X, but
it was with the release of the iPhone SDK in 2008 that Objective-C began to really take off as
programmers rushed to write software for this exciting new device.
NSData and the Filesystem
@interface Employee : NSObject <NSCoding>
{
NSInteger employeeID;
NSString *name;
NSArray *currentProjects;
}
@end
@implementation Employee
-(void)encodeWithCoder:(NSCoder*)aCoder
{
[aCoder encodeInt:employeeID forKey:@"id"];
[aCoder encodeObject:name forKey:@"name"];
[aCoder encodeObject:currentProjects forKey:@"current projects"];
}
-(id)initWithCoder:(NSCoder*)aCoder
{
self = [self init];
if (!self)
return nil;
employeeID = [aCoder decodeIntForKey:@"id"];
name = [aCoder decodeObjectForKey:@"name"];
currentProjects = [aCoder decodeObjectForKey:@"current projects"];
return self;
}
@end
Any object can be used with NSCoder as long as that object also conforms to the NSCoding
protocol. All of the objects stored in the currentProjects array must also conform to this
protocol.
A Brief History of C
C was invented and first implemented by Dennis Ritchie on a DEC PDP-11 that used the Unix
operating system. C is the result of a development process that started with an older language called
BCPL. BCPL was developed by Martin Richards, and it influenced a language called B, which was
invented by Ken Thompson. B led to the development of C in the 1970s.
For many years, the de facto standard for C was the version supplied with the Unix operating
system. It was first described in The C Programming Language by Brian Kernighan and Dennis
Ritchie (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1978). In the summer of 1983 a committee was
established to create an ANSI (American National Standards Institute) standard that would define the C language. The standardization process took six years (much longer than anyone reasonably expected).
The ANSI C standard was finally adopted in December 1989, with the first copies becoming available in early 1990. The standard was also adopted by ISO (International Standards
Organization), and the resulting standard was typically referred to as ANSI/ISO Standard C. In 1995, Amendment 1 to the C standard was adopted, which, among other things, added several new library functions. The 1989 standard for C, along with Amendment 1, became a base document for Standard C++, defining the C subset of C++. The version of C defined by the 1989 standard is
commonly referred to as C89.
High level
- Ada
- Modula-2
- Pascal
- COBOL
- FORTRAN
- BASIC
- C++
- C
- Java
- FORTH
- Macro-assembler
- Assembler
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